INTERAKSI BI-TROFIK KOMUNITAS SERANGGA TANAMAN KEDELAI DENGAN TIGA TEKNIK PENGELOLAAN HAMA DI NGAWI, JAWA TIMUR

Ciptadi Achmad Yusup, I Wayan Winasa, Purnama Hidayat
10.52508/zi.v28i2.4098
| Abstract views: 1137 | PDF (Bahasa Indonesia) views: 1355

Abstract

Serangga sebagai bagian dari struktur trofik pada ekosistem kedelai memiliki peran utama sebagai hama, musuh alami, dan juga sebagai dekomposer. Studi ini menekankan serangga sebagai hama kedelai dan sebagai musuh alami hama kedelai. Interaksi antara serangga hama dan musuh alaminya dipengaruhi oleh sistem budidaya tanaman, diantaranya pengendalian hama dengan menggunakan insektisida. Pada penelitian ini, tiga teknik pengelolaan hama, yaitu teknik pengelolaan hama campuran, kimiawi, dan versi petani dibandingkan untuk mempelajari pola interaksi antara serangga hama dan musuh alaminya. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni hingga September 2014 dengan beberapa metode seperti pengamatan langsung, penggunaan perangkap lubang jebakan dan jaring serangga. Penyusunan pola interaksi bi-trofik berdasarkan hasil pengamatan langsung dianalisis menggunakan software R. Statistic, sedangkan komposisi serangga dianalisis berdasarkan data serangga yang terkoleksi dari lubang perangkap dan jaring serangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola interaksi bi-trofik antara serangga hama dan musuh alaminya pada teknik pengelolaan hama kimiawi sedikit lebih renggang dibandingkan dengan dua teknik pengelolaan hama lainnya. Pola interaksi yang terbentuk menunjukkan bahwa kutukebul (Bemisia tabaci) merupakan serangga fitofag yang paling dominan, dan kumbang Menochillus sexmaculatus merupakan musuh alami yang paling dominan ditemukan di lahan kedelai. Teknik pengelolaan hama versi petani memiliki keanekaragaman serangga yang sedikit lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan dua perlakuan lainnya.

Keywords

Hama kedelai, insektisida, interaksi trofik, komposisi serangga, musuh alami

References

Afifah, L., Hidayat, P., Buchori, D. & Rahardjo, B. T. (2015). Pengaruh perbedaan pengelolaan agroekosistem tanaman terhadap struktur komunitas serangga pada pertanaman kedelai di Ngale, Kabupaten Ngawi, Jawa Timur. Jurnal Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika, 15(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11553-64.

Allesina, S., Grilli, J., Barabás, G., Tang, S., Aljadeff, J. & Maritan, A. (2015). Predicting the stability of large structured food webs. Nature Commun., 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8842.

Arifin, M. (2012). Bioinsektisida SlNPV untuk mengendalikan ulat grayak mendukung swasembada kedelai. J Peng Inov Pert, 5(1), 22.

Begon, M., Townsend, C. & Harper, J. (2003). Ecology - from individuals to ecosystems. Blackwell Publisher.

Cagnolo, L., Valladares, G., Salvo, A., Cabido, M. & Zak, M. (2009). Habitat fragmentation and species loss across three interacting trophic levels: effects of life-history and food-web traits. Conservation Biology, 23(5), 1167–1175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01214.x.

Choate, P. M. (1990). Checklist of the ground beetles of Florida (Coleoptera: Carabidae) literature records. Florida Entomologist, 476–492.

Dawoud, M., Bundschuh, M., Goedkoop, W. & McKie, B. G. (2017). Interactive effects of an insecticide and a fungicide on different organism groups and ecosystem functioning in a stream detrital food web. Aquatic Toxicology, 186, 215–221. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.008.

Disney, R. H. L. & Fayle, T. M. (2008). A new species of scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitizing an ant (Hymenoptera: Formici-dae) in Borneo. Sociobiology, 51(2), 327–332.

Dondale, C. D. & Redner, J. H. (1990). The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 17. The wolf spiders, nurseryweb spiders, and lynx spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Lycosidae, Pisauridae, and Oxyopidae. Canada Agr (English Ed.), 1856.

Dormann, C. F., Gruber, B. & Fruend, J. (2008). Introducing the bipartite Package: Analysing Ecological Networks. R News, 8(2), 8–11.

Eveleigh, E. S., McCann, K. S., McCarthy, P. C., Pollock, S. J., Lucarotti, C. J., Morin, B., McDougall, G. A., Strongman, D. B., Huber, J. T., Umbanhowar, J. & Faria, L. D. B. (2007). Fluctuations in density of an outbreak species drive diversity cascades in food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(43), 16976–16981. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704301104.

Froeschner, R. C. (1996). Lace bug genera of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press.

Goulet, H. & Huber, J. T. (1993). Hymenoptera of the world: an identifixation guide to families. Canada Communication Group.

Gurr, G. M., Wratten, S. D., Landis, D. A. & You, M. (2017). Habitat management to suppress pest populations: progress and prospects. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 62(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035050.

Harmon, J. P., Moran, N. A. & Ives, A. R. (2009). Species response to environmental change: impacts of food web interactions and evolution. Science, 323(5919), 1347–1350. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167396.

Hassan, K., Pervin, M., Mondal, F. & Mala, M. (2016). Habitat management: a key option to enhance natural enemies of crop pest. Univ. J. Plan. Sci., 4(4), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujps.2016.040402.

Heraty, J. (2017). Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management. In R. Foottit & P. Adler (Eds.), Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society (Vol. 2, pp. 603–625). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 9781118945568.ch19.

Hughes, J. B., Daily, G. C. & Ehrlich, P. R. (2000). Conservation of insect diversity: a habitat approach. Conservation Biology, 14(6), 1788–1797. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99187.x.

Humphrey, J. W., Hawes, C., Peace, A. J., Ferris-Kaan, R. & Jukes, M. R. (1999). Relationships between insect diversity and habitat characteristics in plantation forests. For. Ecol. Manage., 113(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00413-7.

Jocqué, R., & Alderweireldt, M. (2005). Lycosidae: the grassland spiders. Acta Zool Bulg, 1(1), 125–130.

Korpela, E.-L., Hyvönen, T. & Kuussaari, M. (2015). Logging in boreal field-forest ecotones promotes flower-visiting insect diversity and modifies insect community composition. Insect Conserv. Divers, 8(2), 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12094.

Loch, J. M. H., Walters, L. J. & Cook, G. S. (2020). Recovering trophic structure through habitat restoration: A review. Food Webs, 25, e00162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb. 2020.e00162

Macfadyen, S., Davies, A. P., & Zalucki, M. P. (2015). Assessing the impact of arthropod natural enemies on crop pests at the field scale. Insect Sci., 22(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12174.

Malard, J. J., Adamowski, J. F., Rojas Díaz, M., Nassar, J. B., Anandaraja, N., Tuy, H., Arévalo-Rodriguez, L. A. & Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R. (2020). Agroecological food web modelling to evaluate and design organic and conventional agricultural systems. Eco.l Modell., 421, 108961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.108961.

Masner, L. (1980). Key to genera of Scelionidae of the Holarctic region, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera:

Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomol Soc Canada, 112(S113), 1–54.

McAlpine, J. F. (1987). Lonchaeidae. In J. F. McAlpine (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera volume 2 (pp. 791–798). Canada Communication Grup.

McCary, M. A., Mores, R., Farfan, M. A. & Wise, D. H. (2016). Invasive plants have different effects on trophic structure of green and brown food webs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett., 19(3), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12562.

McMeans, B. C., McCann, K. S., Humphries, M., Rooney, N. & Fisk, A. T. (2015). Food web structure in temporally-forced ecosystems. In Trends Ecol. Evol., 30(11,) pp. 662–672). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.001.

Mougi, A. & Kondoh, M. (2016). Food-web complexity, meta-community complexity and community stability. Sci. Rep., 6(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24478.

Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O’Hara, R. B., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H. & Wag-ner, H. (2013). vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.0-10. [Online]. Diambil dari http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan.

Oliveros, J. C. (2015). Venny. An interactive tool for comparing lists with Venn’s diagrams. [Online]. Diambil dari http://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html.

Rao, B. R. S. & Hayat, M. (1983). Key to the genera of Oriental Mymaridae, with a preliminary catalog (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Contrib of the Ame Entomol Inst.

R-Core-Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. [Online]. Diambil https://www.R-project.org/.

Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Anwar, H., Ghouse, G. & Abbas, M. (2014). Predation Efficacy of Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) against Macrosiphum rosae under laboratory conditions. J Entomol Zool Studi, 2(3), 160–163.

Schigel, D. S. (2011). Fungus-beetle food web patterns in boreal forests. Russian Entomol. J., 20(2), 141–150.

Slater, J. A. & Baranowski, R. M. (1990). Lygaeidae of Florida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) (Vol. 14). Florida Departement of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

Smith, R. & Holmes, A. (2002). Literature-based key to Florida “burrowing bugs” (Heteroptera: Cydnidae). Pub ENY, 4161(6166), 1–5.

Son, J.-K., Kong, M.-J., Kang, D.-H., Kang, B., Yun, S.-W. & Lee, S.-Y. (2016). The comparative studies on the terrestrial insect diversity in protected horticulture complex and paddy wetland. Journal of Wetlands Research, 18(4), 386–393. https://doi.org/10.17663/jwr.2016.18.4.386.

Subagyo, V. N. O. & Hidayat, P. (2014). Neraca

kehidupan kutukebul Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) pada tanaman cabai dan gulma babadotan pada suhu 25° C dan 29° C. J Entomol Indon, 11(1), 11–18.

Tottenham, C. E. (1954). Handbooks for the identification of British insects vol. IV part 8a. In C. E. Tottenham (Ed.), Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Section (a): Piestinae to Euaesthhetinae. Royal Entomological Society of London.

Tunney, T. D., McCann, K. S., Lester, N. P. & Shuter, B. J. (2012). Food web expansion and contraction in response to changing environ-mental conditions. Nature Comm., 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2098.

Willemse, L. P. M. (2001). Fauna Malesiana guide to the pest Orthoptera of the Indo-Malayan region. Backhuys Publishers.

Yang, L. H. & Gratton, C. (2014). Insects as drivers of ecosystem processes. In Current Opinion in Insect Science (Vol. 2, pp. 26–32). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2014.06. 004.

Zacharia, J. T. (2011). Ecological effects of pesticides. In M. Stoytcgeva (Ed.), Pesticides in the Modern World-Risks and Benefits. InTech.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52508/zi.v28i2.4098

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.